Analytical Exposition

 Analytical Exposition – An analytical exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to persuade the listeners or readers that something is the case. To make the persuasion stronger, the speaker or writer gives some arguments as the fundamental reasons why something is the case. This type of text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Analytical expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people

Purpose:

• To persuade the reader or listener that there is something that, certainly, needs to get attention

• To analyze a topic and to persuade the reader that this opinion is correct and supported by arguments

          Examples: argumentative essay, exploratory essay

Generic Structure:

1. Thesis : Introduces the topic and shows speaker or writer’s position; Outlines of the arguments are presented.
2. Arguments : It consists about Point and Elaboration Point, states the main argument Elaboration, develops and supports each point of argument
3. Conclusion : Reiteration (restatement), restates speaker or writer’s position

Language Features:

• Focus on generic human and non-human participants, e.g.: car, pollution, leaded petrol car

• Use abstract noun, e.g.: policy, government

• Use of relational processes, e.g.: It is important

• Modal verbs, e.g.: we must preserve

• Modal adverbs, e.g.: certainly we.

• Connective or Use of internal conjunction to state argument, e.g.: first, secondly, then, finally)

• Evaluative language, e.g.: important, valuable, trustworthy, etc.

• Giving reasons through causal conjunction

• (e.g. so, thus, therefore, hence)

• Use of present tense

• Passive sentence

The example of Analytical Exposition:

SHOULD CHILDREN WEAR HATS AT SCHOOL?
(Statement of position):

I believe that you should always wear a hat at school when you are playing outside , to stop you from getting sunburn.
(Argument 1):
Firstly, if you don’t wear a hat, you will get sunburn ant the sunburn is painful.
(Argument 2):
Secondly, sunburn could lead to skin cancer. Sunburn can lead to health problems later in life. Many older people suffer from skin cancer which can kill them.
(Reinforcement of position statement):
In my opinion all school students should wear hats.

The Importance of English

Thesis { I personally think that English is the world’s most important language. Why do I say that?
Argument 1 { Firstly, English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all around the world, either as a first or second language.
Argument 2 { Secondly, English is also the key which opens doors to scientific and technical knowledge, which is needed for the economic and political development of many countries in the world.
Argument 3 { Thirdly, English is a top requirement of those seeking jobs. Applicants who master either active or passive English are more favorable than those who do not.
Conclusion { From the fact above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.

The Importance of Education

 I personally think that education is very important for us as Indonesian teenager who will take over values, good morals, culture and knowledge. We also bring the future of Indonesia nation in the middle of world global civilization.

The condition of education in Indonesia is terrible. Why do I say that? In fact, there are many regions that have not been reached by good education. If the condition is going like this, I am sure it is difficult for Indonesia to be a prosperous country. How can it be? As we all know, a prosperous country must have a good basic education, because by having good education, people will get job easily, good life. Due to this reason, it makes the country prosperous.

To improve education system in Indonesia, the government has tried to provide education evenly to all part of Indonesian and to apply suitable education system that can make people clever and civilized. So, Indonesian can life better in this modern and sophisticated era. By the existence of education in our country, we will be able to reach the degree of knowledge or science. Besides, the Indonesian human resources will be equal with people in all around the world.

In short, it is obvious that as young Indonesian generation, education is very important.

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Noun Clauses

Noun clauses is a dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject,object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.
Two common types of noun clause in English are that-clauses andwh-clauses:

• that-clause: I believe that everything happens for a reason.

• wh-clause: How do I know what I think, until I seewhat I say?

See also:

• Complement Clause
• Extraposition
• Gerund
• Infinitive
• Noun Phrase
• Putative Should

Examples and Observations:

• “When Mrs. Frederick C. Little’s second son arrived, everybody noticed that he was not much bigger than a mouse.” (E.B. White, Stuart Little, 1945)

• “A university is what a college becomes when the faculty loses interest in students.” (John Ciardi, Saturday Review, 1966)

• “I know that there are things that never have been funny, and never will be. And I know that ridicule may be a shield, but it is not a weapon.” (Dorothy Parker)

• “I believe that there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright.” (Henry David Thoreau)

• “The thought of stars contributed to the power of his feeling. What moved him was a sense of those worlds around us, our knowledge however imperfect of their nature, our sense of their possessing some grain of our past and of our lives to come.” (John Cheever, Oh What a Paradise It Seems. Random House, 1982)

• “Whoever was the person behind Stonehenge was one dickens of a motivator, I’ll tell you that.” (Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island. Doubleday, 1995)

• “How we remember, what we remember, and why we remember form the most personal map of our individuality.” (Christina Baldwin)

• “This is the story of what a Woman’s patience can endure, and of what a Man’s resolution can achieve.” (Wilkie Collins, The Woman in White, 1859)

• “That dogs, low-comedy confederates of small children and ragged bachelors, should have turned into an emblem of having made it to the middle class–like the hibachi, like golf clubs and a second car–seems at the very least incongruous.” (Edward Hoagland, “Dogs, and the Tug of Life”)

• Nominal Clauses as Direct Objects “All sentences, then, are clauses, but not all clauses are sentences. In the following sentences, for example, the direct object slot contains a clause rather than a noun phrase. These are examples of nominal clauses (sometimes called ‘noun clauses’):
  
  • I know that the students studied their assignment.
  • I wonder what is making Tracy so unhappy.
  These nominal clauses are examples of dependent clauses–in contrast to independent clauses, those clauses that function as complete sentences.”
  (Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar, 5th ed., Allyn and Bacon, 1998)

• Noun-Clause Starters “We use various words to start noun clauses. . . .”These words include the word that, which in its role as a noun clause starter is not arelative pronoun, for it serves no grammatical role in the clause; it just starts the clause. For example: The committee stated that it would follow the agent’s policy. Here the noun clause serves the noun role of direct object of the transitive verb stated. But a careful look at the clause reveals that the word that does not serve any role within the clause, other than simply to get it going.”Other noun clause starters do serve grammatical roles within the clause. For example: We know who caused all the trouble. Here the noun clause starter is the relative pronoun who. Notice that inside the noun clause who serves as the grammatical subject of the verbcaused.
  “Additional words serve as noun clause starters. A relative adverb can get one going: Howhe won the election mystified the pundits. So can a relative pronoun acting as an adjective: We know which career she will pursue. In these two sentences, how is an adverb modifying the verb won, and which is a relative-pronoun-adjective modifying the noun career.”
  (C. Edward Good, A Grammar Book for You and I–Oops, Me!. Capital Books, 2002)

• “I have run, I have crawled,
  I have scaled these city walls,
  These city walls
  Only to be with you,
  Only to be with you.
  But I still haven’t found what I’m looking for.”
  (written and performed by U2, “I Still Haven’t Found What I’m Looking For.” The Joshua Tree, 1987)

Also Known As: nominal clause

Working With Clauses

• Subordination with Adjective Clauses
• Sentence Building with Adjective Clauses
• Building Sentences with Adverb Clauses

Functions of a Noun

• Subject
• Complement
• Object

Types of Objects

• Direct Object
• Indirect Object
• Object of a Preposition

Transitions : Moreover , Futhermore , In addition , Therefore , Consequently

Moreover,futhermore,and in addition mean also. Therefore and consequently mean as aresult.
 
Examples:
1. Rieke is clever and kind. Moreover, she is friendly. Many people like her.
2. The test was difficult. In addition, the time was also limited. Consequently,many students god bad marks.
3. It is raining hard. Futhermore, Ryan’s house is a long way from school. Therefore, he will wait until the rain stops.
-Moreover, use for augmentation
-Consequently, use for result,conclusion,summary
-In addition, use for augmentation
-Futhermore, use for augmentation
-Therefore, use for conclusion, summary
Moreover
You can use “moreover” to replace “and in addition.” It normally begins the second independent clause in a sentence, following a semicolon.Moreover is a transition, so you use it to make something follow another.
Here’s an example with correct punctuation:
-The hairdresser had dyed his hair the wrong color; moreover, the hair turned green when she tried to correct the error.
Futhermore
You use furthermore to add more information to what was already said or written.Futhermore is transitions  part of the Academic Word List and almost always used at the beginning of a sentence.
Example:
We believe that the project is possible. Furthermore, we believe that we can do it within a few months.
In addition
In addition, additionally or also, joins two sentences (independent clauses.)  The word introduces additional information.  These words are often called transition words or conjunctive adverbs.  (Also tends to be less formal than in addition or additionally).
Examples:
-Anne and Alex act and sing.  In addition, they dance.
-She must dance gracefully.  In addition, she must dance precisely.
Therefore
Therefore - (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result; it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important!).
Examples:
-those people have their umbrellas up: therefore, it must be raining
-they heard the warning on the radio and therefore took another route
Consequently
“Consequently” is very similar to “so” and “therefore.” Like “therefore” it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important!). It usually appears in the middle of sentence, but it may also be used at the beginning of sentence. If you know what the word “consequence” means, you shouldn’t have any trouble with this.
Examples:
-Hector decided not to use a map; consequently, he got lost and never found his way out of the forest. There he died.
-Gas prices rose too high for Matt to afford; consequently, he sold his car and made his daily commute by bike.
-Astronomy has been an interest of human beings for centuries; consequently, our curiousity has led to a better undersanding of our place in the solar system and human space exploration.
-Poachers have hunted and killed too many elephants for their tusks; consequently, they have become an endangered species in some parts of the world.
- An adequate water supply is important to a farmer’s success; consequently, irrigation is used in places where water is in short supply.
-Hector was a very good student who studied constantly; consequently, he found a very good job after he graduated from college.
-The United States suffered terribly under incompetent Republican leadership during the 2000s; consequently, the Democrats easily won in the November 2008 elections

Public Service Announcements and Posters

A Public service announcement is an advertisement that a television or radio station airs for a cause or a charity. They can tout the importance of medical check-ups for children or ask you to donate to the Salvation Army’s bellringers.It is a free “commercial” for a non-profir organization.
Public service announcements are not paid advertising. A broadcaster donates the ad time as part of its commitment to serve the public interest.
The goal of a PSA is simple: to get someone to take a spesific action. It’s not to talk about the sponsoring organization. It’s motivate the targeted audience to act, for example, to drop off canned goods for food drive, to stop smoking, and to avoid drug abuse.
Examples PSA :

10 Second PSA: WE COME FROM ALL WALKS OF LIFE, BUT WE TRAVEL DOWN THE SAME ROAD. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS.
15 Second PSA: DID YOU KNOW THAT 75% OF MULTIPLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES WERE THE FAULT OF THE OTHER PERSON? DON’T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC, LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS.
20 Second PSA: APPROXIMATELY 75% OF THE MULTI-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES WERE THE FAULT OF THE OTHER PERSON. MOST OF THOSE DRIVERS SAID THEY DID NOT SEE THE MOTORCYCLE. DON’T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS.
30 Second PSA: DO YOU KNOW SOMEONE WHO RIDES A MOTORCYCLE? CHANCES ARE GOOD THAT YOU SEE MOTORCYCLE RIDERS WHEN YOU ARE BEHIND THE WHEEL. FOR THE REST OF YOU, YOUR CHANCES OF BEING THE PERSON WHO HITS A MOTORCYCLE RIDER JUST WENT UP 300%. THAT’S RIGHT, YOU ARE 3 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO HIT SOMEONE RIDING A MOTORCYCLE JUST BECAUSE YOU DON’T HAVE A RELATIONSHIP WITH SOMEONE WHO RIDES THEM. DON’T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS.

example :
 





POSTER
A poster is an informative and decorative way to attract the attention to the information it contains. It is usually displayed in a public place. It is often decorated with designs or illustrations.
Here are some ways to use posters in a literacy program:
-to advertise events or products
-to display information or instructions
-to teach about some kinds of information
Examples poster:
 

Expressing Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

- Expressing satisfaction is an expression  for a feeling of happiness or pleasure   because you have achieved something or   got what you wanted.

Expressing Satisfaction :

 

- Dissatisfaction expression is a feeling    we express when we do not get as   enough as we hope and feel disappointed   with some conditions, we must be dissatisfied.

Example of informal expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction

Expressing Dissatisfaction :

 

 

Purpose: to show the feeling of satisfaction or dissatisfaction

Expressing Satisfaction	Expressing Dissatisfaction
I’m satisfied with … I’m satisfied at … I’m glad with what you’ve done. It’s really satisfying. Everything was satisfying.	I’m not satisfied with … It isn’t very nice. It’s really not good enough. I’m dissatisfied by … It’s dissatisfying. Oh, no.

Dialogues:
A: did you come to the party?
B: yes, I was there. Did you not come?
A: I came to Ricos party. I’ m satisfied with the DJ. She did great job. How about that party?
B: it’s really not good enough. There was an accident but no one hurt.
A: oh, really? I am lucky for not coming then.

Indefinite Pronouns

 
An indefinite pronoun refers to something that is not definite or specific or exact. The indefinite pronouns are all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, someone, These indefinite pronouns can also be used as indefinite adjectives in some cases.

 Some, any + -body / -one, + -thing, + -where

The compounds of some and any behave in the same way as some and any, that is to say, some-, in affirmative sentences and, any-, in negatives and questions, although we use some- in the interrogative to offer something, to ask for something or when we expect a positive response.

The examples in the sentences below show the indefinite pronouns in intalics.

• All are welcome to attend the concert.

• Mary gave the book to another.

• I don’t have any.

• Does anybody have a clue?

• Anyone can play that game.

• Peter didn’t see anything suspicious.

• Each brought a dish to pass.

• Everybody left town for the weekend.

• Everyone enjoyed the movie.

• Everything is taken care of.

• Few visited that park.

• Many called for information.

• Jennifer told nobody her secret.

• None came forward to claim the prize.

• One could see the mountains from miles away.

• Several signed the card.

• The room is too gloomy for some.

• Somebody called the store.

• Joe gave the form to someone

  •   I saw somebody there. 
  • I did not see anybody there.

  
  
  

So , Too , Either , Neither

 

1. “So and “too”. The words ‘so; and ‘too’ are used combine two positive statements with identical predicates to form a compound sentence. An auxiliary must be included in the second part of the sentence.
However, there is a difference while using ‘so and ‘too’.
-so + auxiliary verb + subject
-subject + auxiliary verb + too

Subject 1 + to be/verb+ object/complement+and+so+aux+subject 2

Example:

Snow White was beautiful

The Queen was beautiful

(Snow White was beautiful and so was The Queen)

Examples:

  I likes playing guitar. Fandy also likes playing guitar.

- I likes playing guitar and so does Fandy.

- I likes playing guitar and Fandy does too.

2. TOO

Subject 1 + to be/verb+ object/complement+and+subject 2+aux+too

Example:

Snow White was beautiful

The Queen was beautiful

(Snow White was beautiful and The Queen was too)

2. ‘Either and ‘Neither‘. The word ‘either and ‘neither’ are used to combine two negative statements with identical predicates to form a compound sentence. The predicate is not repeated completely in the second part of the compound sentence. An auxiliary must be included in the second part of the sentence.

There is a difference while using ‘either’ and ‘neither’.

-subject + auxiliary verb + not + either

-neither + auxiliary verb + subject

Either

Subject 1 + verb+ object +and+neither+aux+subject 2

Example:

Hima can not sing a song

Shela can not sing a song

(Hima can not sing a song and neither can Shela)

Neither

Subject 1 + verb+ object+and+ subject 2+aux+not+either

Hima can not sing a song

Shela can not sing a song

(Hima can not sing a song and Shela can not either )

Examples:

-Jeremy is not doing his homework now. Aji is also not doing his homework.

-Jeremy is not doing his homework and Aji is not either.

-Jeremy is not doing his homework and neither is Aji.